When to Use Rescue Drone Winch？

Drones are an asset for emergency response teams, due to their rapid deployment and flexibility. They cut down time spent during search and rescue missions, are safer for  police teams assessing volatile situations before sending in ground personnel, and even cost a fraction of deploying helicopters whenever there is a callout. The unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) versatility expands with the kind of payloads that they can carry for such missions. That will be our focus here. 

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Drone Payloads 101: What They Are, And How They Work

When we talk about "payload" in drones, we're referring to all the extra gear that a UAV carries beyond the basics needed for flight. They really boost what the drone can do, and typically include things like cameras, sensors, communication tools, and sometimes even delivery items like medical supplies.

For example, cameras and sensors mounted on drones can capture crucial visual and thermal information from disaster zones – from floods to earthquakes, which helps in making smarter, quicker decisions. Detecting heat signatures is particularly beneficial during night searches or in dense areas where visibility is low, enabling SAR teams to locate missing individuals. Where roads might be blocked or areas are too dangerous for ground teams, drones can carry payloads like medical supplies, food, or water directly to people in need. Even during hostage situations or when suspects barricade themselves, drones can carry small, maneuverable cameras to provide live feeds to tactical teams. This payload allows law enforcement to monitor the situation safely and plan their approach without putting officers directly in harm's way.

The kind of payload that emergency response drones carry is determined by several factors, including:

• Weight and Flight Stability: The weight of the payload can significantly influence a drone's flight dynamics. Heavier payloads may reduce flight stability and maneuverability. This is due to the increased weight requiring adjustments in the drone's motor power, propeller size, or flight controller settings to maintain stability during flight​. 

• Battery Life and Flight Time: Carrying heavier payloads increases the power consumption of the drone, leading to reduced flight times. This is because heavier payloads require more energy to lift and maintain in the air, thereby draining the battery quicker. To address this, some advancements have been made in battery technology, such as the use of semi-solid batteries that provide greater energy efficiency without significantly increasing weight​.

Each drone has a specified maximum payload capacity. Exceeding this limit can strain the drone's motors and lead to potential damage, so avoid the temptation, even with heavy lift drones. The design and integration of the payload are also critical, as poor integration can cause uneven weight distribution, affecting the drone’s flight performance and stability​​.

Let’s look at these using DJI’s flagship, the Matrice 350 RTK, which is one of the leading search and rescue drones. It can handle a maximum payload of up to 2.7 kg. Its design allows it to carry various payloads, such as cameras and sensors, without compromising flight stability. 

The use of TB65 Intelligent Flight Batteries, which are noted for their high energy efficiency and long cycle life (up to 400 cycles), helps maintain longer operational periods even with significant payloads attached. This system also supports battery hot swapping, which is critical for long-duration missions by allowing batteries to be changed without powering down the drone​.

The use of high-altitude low-noise propellers allows the drone to operate effectively at altitudes up to m, but payload weight impacts its altitude capability. Lighter setups can achieve higher altitudes​. For instance, it can reach a maximum flight altitude of meters using s propellers with a takeoff weight of up to 7.4 kg, and up to meters with High-Altitude Low-Noise Propellers when the takeoff weight is 7.2 kg or less​.

The DJI Matrice 350 RTK is designed to be versatile with its payload capacity. It supports multiple configurations, including single or dual downward gimbals and a single upward gimbal, which allows for a wide range of commercial and emergency response applications. The drone's design is complemented by the Payload SDK, which facilitates the integration of various third-party payloads such as multispectral sensors and communication tools, making it highly adaptable to different operational needs​. For instance, theZenmuse H20 series provides a comprehensive sensor system for detailed environmental scanning, while the Zenmuse P1 is optimized for photogrammetry with a full-frame sensor​

Core Payloads Used in Incident Response Drones

Imaging and Sensory Equipment

High-res cameras, thermal imaging sensors, and multispectral cameras on the UAVs perform a variety of tasks:

• High-Resolution Cameras: These cameras capture detailed visual data, crucial for assessing the extent of emergencies and aiding in navigation and mapping. The clarity and precision of high-resolution cameras allow emergency responders to quickly understand and respond to complex situations​​.

• Thermal Imaging Cameras: Thermal sensors are invaluable in search and rescue operations, especially under conditions where visibility is poor or during night-time. These cameras detect heat signatures, which can be vital for locating people or animals in debris or obscured environments. For example, they can identify heat in a collapsed building or in densely forested areas, providing real-time data that can be the difference between life and death in rescue missions​​.

Also Read: Beyond Visuals: The Power Of Thermal Imaging With Your Drone

• Multispectral Cameras: These cameras capture data across multiple bands of the electromagnetic spectrum, not visible to the naked eye, which can be crucial for environmental monitoring or assessing plant health in disaster-affected areas. In emergency response, this technology is particularly useful for analyzing areas to detect various materials or changes in the landscape that are not apparent through standard visual imaging.

Here you have the likes of the MicaSense RedEdge-P a multispectral camera that captures data across multiple spectral bands—coastal blue, blue, green, red, red edge, and near-infrared (NIR)—allowing for detailed analysis of vegetation health and other environmental parameters. Such detailed spectral data is crucial for assessing plant health in agriculture, especially in areas affected by environmental stress or disasters. The ability to detect subtle changes in plant health that are not visible to the naked eye can significantly enhance the effectiveness of interventions in disaster-struck regions. The camera's advanced imaging capabilities are enhanced by its ability to capture images with a resolution of up to 1.6 megapixels for multispectral bands, for detailed and actionable data.

The RedEdge-P is equipped with a downwelling light sensor (DLS 2) which measures ambient light conditions, ensuring that the data collected are normalized for light variations, thus providing accurate and repeatable measurements. This feature is particularly important when assessing changes over time in post-disaster scenarios or monitoring environmental recovery. The camera's configuration options via Ethernet or Wi-Fi and its compatibility with mission planning apps like DJI Pilot and GS Pro, enable easy integration and operational flexibility. 

• LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging): LiDAR payloads are used for creating detailed and accurate 3D maps of the terrain. This is especially useful in disaster management for assessing damage, planning recovery operations, and understanding the geography of affected areas. LiDAR can penetrate forest canopies and provide data on ground level, which is crucial during natural disasters like floods or earthquakes.

Specialized Tools and Accessories

Drones used in emergency response are equipped with a variety of specialized tools and accessories that extend their functionality beyond basic flight capabilities, enabling them to handle complex and hazardous tasks effectively:

• Manipulator Arms

These robotic arms are vital for physical interactions in environments that are too dangerous or inaccessible for humans. For instance, they can be used to move debris at a disaster site, open doors during search and rescue operations, or handle hazardous materials safely. An example here is the MKN-800 Pliable Robotic Manipulator Arm designed for the Make IT Happen Aerial Robot Drone, that is used in applications like industrial inspection tasks.

Research has also explored the design and simulation of an octorotor UAV equipped with a manipulator arm, with this study conducting models and simulations using tools like Matlab and SimMechanics. The researchers looked into both the kinematics and dynamics of the UAV and its attached arm, employing methods like the Denavit-Hartenberg convention and recursive Newton-Euler approach. They developed a sophisticated control system using a cascade PID controller for the UAV and a simple PID for the arm, validating the efficacy of their designs through rigorous simulations. This innovative setup aims to enhance the UAV's utility in complex scenarios like construction or hazardous environment operations.

The spotlight can illuminate up to 100 meters while the loudspeaker can broadcast messages up to 200 meters with a sound pressure of 122dB. This combination of features ensures that the drone can be effectively used in low-light conditions and for real-time communication with individuals on the ground, crucial for managing large-scale emergencies or guiding evacuations​.

The DJI Matrice 30 is actually one of the top drones used by law enforcement agencies. See departments using it, and what is its competition, here: Reviews Of The Best Police Drones For

The LP12 model comes with a streamlined design that minimizes wind resistance, further enhancing the drone's operational efficiency. It incorporates advanced LRAD Sound Technology and superior optical imaging, which significantly improves both the quality of sound and light produced. The spotlight offers multiple modes, with the ability to switch between 30-watt regular and 40-watt ultra-bright settings, extending visibility up to 492 feet. This feature is particularly useful in extensive search and rescue operations where clear visibility over large distances is crucial. The device is also equipped with a quick-mount system that allows for easy setup and integration with the DJI Pilot app, ensuring all functions are easily accessible and manageable during flight operations​ (Crutchfield)​​ (Advexure)​.

• Medical and Cargo Delivery Systems

Drones can be fitted with mechanisms to carry and deliver medical supplies like blood, vaccines, or even automated external defibrillators (AEDs). These capabilities are crucial for providing rapid medical aid in remote or hard-to-reach areas during critical emergencies.

• Advanced Sensors and Cameras

Beyond standard imaging equipment, drones can be equipped with sensors that detect environmental hazards such as toxic gases, radiation levels, or extreme heat, which are invaluable during industrial accidents or natural disasters.

One notable example is the US Nuclear's DroneRAD system. The drone is equipped with sensors capable of detecting a wide array of hazardous substances including chemical warfare agents, toxic industrial chemicals, and various gases such as chlorine, ammonia, and sulfur dioxide. Additionally, it can measure radioactive materials dispersed in the air, providing real-time data overlaid on GPS maps, which is crucial during industrial accidents or natural disasters​​.

Another innovative system is as a result of the collaboration between Azur Drones and AVNIR Energy, which focuses on radiation detection. Azur has integrated a cutting-edge radioactivity sensor, the Ionised Zone Inspection Device (DIZI), into its Skeyetech drone. This drone, notable for being the first in Europe to receive approval for Beyond Visual Line Of Sight (BVLOS) operations, can now conduct radioactivity detection missions autonomously. This integration allows for precise, real-time radiation readings, enhancing the safety protocols at nuclear facilities by enabling quick deployment and remote operation in areas that may be unsafe for human personnel.

Link to NEW WING Drone Winch

• Emergency Response Features

Some drones are designed with features specific to public safety tasks, such as emergency lights, sirens, and custom markings that identify them as emergency response vehicles, ensuring their visibility and authority in crisis situations. One example is BRINC's Responder drone, which comes with emergency lights, a siren, 2-Way Comms with loudspeaker, and customizable agency markings to ensure it is visibly identified as an emergency vehicle. It’s also with 3rd party mapping software such as Pix4D. Its capabilities are enhanced by powerful cameras and thermal imaging, making it particularly effective during 911 calls.

Communication and Data Transmission Systems

Having the payloads is one thing – but how do they communicate with the pilot and ground teams? Drones equipped with advanced communication systems can stream high-definition images and video in real-time. This capability is crucial for emergency responders, as it provides immediate visual insight into the situation, helping to assess the scene and make informed decisions quickly. This real-time data transmission is essential for coordinating on-ground teams and ensuring that the necessary resources are directed to the most critical areas​.

Different models use different technologies here. For instance, the Autel EVO II Dual 640T V3 is a highly capable law enforcement drone, and also suitable for search and rescue missions. It boasts a 50MP camera enhanced by the Moonlight Algorithm 2.0 for superior noise reduction in low-light conditions. This model utilizes the 0.8" RYYB CMOS sensor, offering increased light sensitivity and detailed high-contrast imaging capabilities​ (Autel Robotics)​. For real-time data transmission, the EVO II Dual 640T V3 uses the SkyLink 2.0. This system supports a remarkable 9.3 miles (15km) transmission range, ensuring reliable, high-quality Quick High Definition (QHD) video feed within a mile, suitable for most operational needs. It supports Live Stream through Live Deck. 

For two-way communication, you have the drones that carry loudspeakers and microphones, enabling responders to communicate directly with individuals in distress or to manage crowds in emergency situations. This feature can be particularly useful in large-scale emergencies or disasters where direct communication with affected individuals is challenging​​.

Frequently Asked Questions about Drone Payloads for Emergency Response

• What is a payload drone? 

A payload drone refers to an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) specifically designed to carry additional equipment or items—beyond just the essentials for flight. These can include cameras, sensors, or even cargo like medical supplies, which significantly enhance the drone’s utility in various operations.

• What kind of payloads do emergency drones carry?

Incident response drones typically carry cameras, sensors, communication tools, and sometimes delivery items like medical supplies. These payloads enhance the drone's capabilities, allowing it to perform tasks like surveillance, thermal imaging, and emergency deliveries.

• What types of sensors are commonly used in drone payloads?

Common sensors include high-resolution cameras, thermal imaging sensors, and LiDAR systems. These sensors are crucial for tasks like surveillance, search and rescue, and environmental monitoring. The Zenmuse H30T payload, for example, includes a high-resolution zoom camera and a thermal camera, making it ideal for varied operational needs.

• How much payload can a drone carry? 

The payload capacity for emergency drones varies by model. For instance, the max capacity of the DJI M350 is 2.7 kg, while the FlyCart 30 can lift up to 30 kg in standard conditions. With agriculture drones, you have models like the Agras T40 that can carry 40 kg of spraying liquid and 50kg of spreading payload. Always refer to the manufacturer's specifications for exact figures on the capacity of the UAV including when dealing with heavy lift drones.

• What is a drone payload release mechanism? 

A drone payload release mechanism is a system that allows a drone to drop or release its cargo during flight. It is achieved through mechanisms like winches or manual release systems, which can be controlled remotely or via pre-programmed instructions. This is particularly useful for delivering emergency supplies in inaccessible areas. The FlyCart 30, for example, features a winch system for precise payload delivery.

• Can you explain the importance of battery life in drones carrying payloads? 

Battery life is critical as it determines how long a drone can stay airborne. Heavier payloads consume more power, which can reduce flight times. Advanced batteries and efficient energy management through software solutions like Airdata UAV are essential, especially in missions where extended flight is necessary.

• Can drones deliver medical supplies?

Yes, drones like the DJI FlyCart 30 can be equipped to deliver medical supplies such as blood, vaccines, and automated external defibrillators (AEDs). These payloads are typically managed by passive or dispensable payload systems, ensuring safe and timely delivery to remote or hazardous areas.

• How are payloads integrated into a drone?

 Payloads are integrated into drones using specialized mounts and connectors that ensure stable and balanced attachment. Advanced drones, like the DJI Matrice series, support multiple configurations for different payload types, facilitated by systems like the Payload SDK, which allows for seamless integration of third-party payloads.

• What are the challenges of operating drones with multiple payloads? 

Managing multiple payloads requires careful consideration of weight distribution, power needs, and flight dynamics. Each additional payload can affect the drone’s performance, requiring adjustments to ensure stability, effectiveness, and safety during flights.

By Steve Shupert

A winch is used to tension a rope, which then moves, lowers, or stabilizes an object. It is also used on smaller vehicles as a self-rescue tool, such as for pickup trucks and all-terrain vehicles (ATVs).

Many fire departments are installing winches on apparatus, typically using a square-tube receiver-style hitch and sometimes in multiple locations around the rig. This powerful and useful rigging tool has many uses, limitations, and potential dangers included in the advantages it brings to the scene. We will discuss these issues as well as rope inspection and other concerns.

When determining how you will use your winch, there are several important considerations you must keep in mind. First, winches don’t lift, they pull. Yes, you can elevate a pulley (snatch block), but you are risking fouling the winch line—they just aren’t made to lift or suspend an object. A winch is designed for pulling an object on a relatively horizontal plane. A rule of thumb is that anything pulled above or below 45° from horizontal is considered hoisting. Hoists use a different braking device than a winch. Most winches are made with dynamic brakes, meaning a gear system will automatically hold the load. Dynamic brakes use the winch gears for resistance, which is why they are unstable for lifting or suspending objects. If you were to use a winch to suspend a load, the load could easily slip, and the gears could become damaged, resulting in catastrophic failure.

• More to Winches Than You Might Think
• Factors To Consider When Buying A Winch

So, a winch is not a hoist and should never be used as such. Hoisting requires an elevated anchor point; other options such as a recovery rotator, tripod, ladder truck, or crane are likely better options. Some confined space rescue crews carry hoists on their tripods. When moving people with a mechanical hoist or winch, carefully weigh your risk/benefit considerations. It is difficult to feel the load (human) bind up, which could result in an additional injury.

When selecting a winch, determine the largest load you would reasonably pull or stabilize. The average car weighs about 3,500 pounds. The working load limit (WLL)of a winch is a bit of a moving target. It is determined by the rating of the wire rope or synthetic rope. And, all winch ratings are determined by the tension developed by the first layer of rope on the drum. The first layer is the only layer that will provide a pull equal to the working load limit. The capacity of a winch decreases as more layers are wrapped on top of each other around the drum, changing the diameter of the drum. Each additional layer drops the WLL by approximately 10%. The capacity listed on the winch assumes pulling on the first layer of rope. This is similar to a high-pressure air bag’s capacity where the taller the bag grows, the less it can lift.

Before using the winch, check the vehicle, fluids, tires, brakes, etc. Check that the winch is powered up, that the line plays out smoothly and is in good working order, that there are no broken or loose parts, and that electrical connections are bright and tight.

As stated, WLL is determined by the rating of the wire rope or synthetic rope on the drum. It is important to consider other factors that will reduce a winch’s capability. Wire rope can be damaged by pinching, fraying, kinking, or corrosion. Hazards at the scene can cause damage. The same is true for synthetic rope. It is prudent to limit your pulls to a value significantly less than the winch’s WLL. Industry experts suggest that it is good to maintain a 4:1 safety factor for every pull. Using this factor, a 9,000-pound winch should be limited to a 2,250-pound pull. This is a big dip in capability; however, keep in mind that if you are stabilizing a vehicle, most of the car’s weight is transmitted straight to the ground, and unless the vehicle gets in a bind, you are not pulling the entire weight. If you are just holding the vehicle in place, the demand on the winch is much less. If you are pulling the car up a hill or out of a body of water (the car is now full of water for a bit), these added loads will need to be considered in the planning.

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) , Standard on Automotive Fire Apparatus, suggests a minimum of 75 feet of rope for each winch. You can load more rope, but in winch work, more rope is not necessarily better. Keep in mind that to achieve the maximum pull from your winch, you need to lay off enough rope to get to the first layer (the layer closest to the drum). You do not want to stretch out all the rope and load the rope termination at the end of its line coming out of the drum either—this is a sure way to break your winch. Always maintain four to five wraps of wire rope on your drum. The drum is meant to be loaded, not the very end of the rope. A drum with too much rope will mean that you may not be able to pay enough off before reaching your pull point and you will be winching on the upper layers of the drum. This will reduce your pulling power and reduce the efficiency of your winch motor. Apparatus placement is critical in winching operations to obtain maximum pull. Ideally, the apparatus is straight in line with the load, and the distance between the apparatus and the load leaves four to five wraps of wire rope on the drum.

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