Steel tunnel lining is an essential component in the construction of underground tunnels. They are used as protective shields to ensure the stability and durability of the tunnel walls. Made of high-quality steel, these plates are designed to withstand the pressure and weight of the surrounding soil and rock.

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Steel tunnel lining due to its many advantage

It has become more and more common in use in recent years. One of the main advantages of these boards is their strength and durability. Capable of withstanding extreme pressure and weight, they are ideal for underground construction projects.

Another advantage of steel tunnel lining is ease of installation. These panels are designed for easy installation and can be customized to meet the specific requirements of tunnel projects. This makes them a cost-effective solution for underground construction projects.

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Steel tunnel linings are also highly resistant to corrosion and other forms of damage. This ensures they will last for years without replacement or repair. This helps to reduce maintenance costs and extend the life of the tunnel.

In addition to strength and durability, steel tunnel linings are also highly versatile. They are used in a variety of different tunneling projects, including road and rail tunnels, water supply tunnels and mining tunnels. This makes them a highly adaptable solution for a wide variety of underground construction projects.

Steel tunnel linings are also highly cost-effective. They are generally less expensive than other types of tunnel lining, such as concrete or brick, and require less maintenance during their service life. This makes them ideal for projects with tight budgets or limited resources.

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I am designing the final lining for construction under a lake. In operation the tunnel will be full of water. My controlling case will be during the construction period the lining will support the hydrostatic load. The head has been determined from the flood level of the lake. The liner should be unreinforced concrete and the tunnel is in rock.
To this point I have used the .55 strength reduction factor (ACI318 9.3.5) and I applied a 1.6 load factor to the hydrostatic pressure. The load factor is 1.6 rather than 1.4 because there is not a control of the flood level. The construction period is over 1 year.

Am I being to conservative?
I am not at all experienced in the design of tunnel liners, so please keep that in mind as you read my post.

Using a strength reduction factor of 0.55 and a load factor of 1.6 equates to a factor of safety of 2.9, which is high for temporary works.

An approach that is used in cofferdam design is to set a design flood elevation and only allow work in the cofferdam when the water surface is below this elevation. If it goes higher, vents (cut-outs) are used to flood the temporary works automatically so as not to fail the cofferdam.

You could design for a 2-year, 5-year, or 10-year storm and cleary note this on the plans. If the water level exceeded this level, the tunnel might have to be flooded until the water level receded.

With this approach you should be able to use the lower load factor as the unknowns would already fe factored into the design.