Sofa Buying Advice From the People Who Design and ...

Nobody buys a house without researching the neighborhood and inspecting the foundation, plumbing, and electrical. Yet many people drop serious money on a sofa without understanding what goes into a well-made piece of upholstered furniture. It's a leap of faith that often leads to buyer's remorse and one too many 'for sale ' hardly used' Craigslist postings.

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The quality of the frame, suspension, cushioning, and upholstery are what separate a sofa that will last 10 to 20 years from one that will start to wobble or look dingy after only a few. To understand what distinguishes quality components from inferior ones I toured BSC Furniture sofa factory with owner Joshua Siegel, the manufacturer that at the time was making BenchMade Modern's line of upholstered seating (the two companies have since parted ways), followed by a visit to Modernica's facilities in Los Angeles guided by Jay Novak, co-owner and president of the modernist furniture manufacturer. In , Wirecutter senior editor Christine Cyr Clisset toured the Mitchell Gold + Bob Williams factory, based in Taylorsville, North Carolina.

These tours, in addition to more than 80 hours we've spent researching for our sofa buying guide and coverage of the best online sofas, helped us understand the difference between an average-priced sofa (say, under $1,000) and a more splurge-worthy equivalent.

The frame

Everything begins with the frame. It's an assertion we heard several times over when we asked experts and retailers where to begin when searching for a sofa designed to be used daily and to hopefully last for years. The type of wood used for the frame and how each piece is joined not only determines a sofa's durability, but will also be reflected in its cost.

If a sofa wiggles in the showroom, it will undoubtedly exhibit the same structural issues over time in your home, and MDF is prone to give up the ghost quicker.

Slower-growing, denser hardwoods like alder, poplar, maple, teak, and walnut are more expensive, but are generally considered more suitable for durable furniture, and will typically outlast faster-growing and economical softwoods like pine and Douglas fir, doing a better job of holding staples, nails, glue, and joinery in place. ('Hard' and 'soft' have nothing to do with the hardness of the wood, simply distinguishing coniferous evergreens (soft)from deciduous (hard) trees [PDF].)

Jay Novak, co-owner and president of Modernica, implores buyers to avoid any furniture constructed with MDF (medium-density fiberboard). 'You're not buying something designed to last, but renting disposable furniture that will fall apart in a year or two.' If a sofa wiggles in the showroom, it will undoubtedly exhibit the same structural issues over time in your home, and MDF is prone to give up the ghost quicker because the glued wood fibers don't hold screws or staples like a dense wood does. Novak recommends frames built with engineered, furniture-grade plywood ('grade A') as a stronger and more beautiful option to MDF.

Manufacturers commonly market their sofas with terms like 'kiln-dried hardwood' and 'FSC Certified''a designation for wood sourced from responsibly managed forests. But Joshua Siegel of BSC Furniture told us that practically all commercial wood furniture made domestically uses kiln-dried lumber: 'Kiln-drying is standard procedure done to remove all moisture to avoid the wood from warping ' I can't name a single company that doesn't use kiln-dried wood,' said Siegel. 'Same goes for FSC Certified wood and low VOC. They're just buzzwords. Above a certain price range we're all making FSC Certified sourced, low VOC, kiln-dried sofas.'

The strongest and most expensive frames are constructed using the labor-intensive and traditional technique of mortise-and-tenon joinery, connecting pieces of wood with precisely routed tabs (tenons) that fit into holes (mortises). Only the best and more expensive sofas (like those from Modernica) are made this way and you'll hardly ever find a mortise-and-tenon-constructed sofa for under $2,000.

I can't name a single company that doesn't use kiln-dried wood. Same goes for FSC Certified wood and low VOC. They're just buzzwords.'
'Joshua Siegel, owner of BSC Furniture

More likely you'll find mid-priced sofas constructed using a combination of glue, screws, dowels, and staples with the addition of corner blocks and extra pieces of wood screwed into place as an insurance policy against wobbling. Siegel recommends that you look for 1¾-inch staples for structural reinforcement, though warns that too many staples can be a sign of shoddy craftsmanship, weakening the strength of the frame by damaging the wood. Even skilled salespeople may not know the type of staples used in a particular sofa, though, and manufacturers may not reveal these specifics.

The suspension

If the wood frame is the skeleton of a sofa, the springs stretched across it operate as the seat's tendons and ligaments, weathering structural stress and preventing the cushions from flattening. Cushions may give a sofa shape, but it's actually the springs that primarily determine its comfort.

Sinuous springs are the most common suspension system in mid-tier sofas. They're made with heavy-gauge steel wires bent into a continuous line of vertical S-shaped coils. Horizontal metal tie rods reinforce the coils, inhibiting shifting and sagging, and are secured to the frame using padded clips and fasteners. I've personally owned two sofas for 14 years with a sinuous-springs system, and neither have shown any signs of sag or wear. They hit the sweet spot within the Venn diagram of comfort, affordability, and lasting durability.

Traditionalists extol the virtues of eight-way hand-tied springs. The time-consuming technique requires a furniture maker to strap and hand-knot individual hourglass-shaped coils with cord across the seat's frame. When installed properly the hourglass springs supposedly ward off sagging and squeaking. But Alicia Engman, principal designer and owner of custom furniture maker Hammer & Heels, said eight-way springs are 'overrated,' citing that they're outdated and expensive to repair.

Cushions may give a sofa shape, but it's actually the springs that primarily determine its comfort.

If eight-way hand-tied spring suspension is the equivalent of a finely prepared eight-course meal, drop-in and pocket-coil spring suspensions would both rate as microwave dinners: quick, cheap, and ultimately inferior. Drop-in coils install as a single self-contained grid of springs, and they tend to squeak due to the metal-on-metal configuration. Pocket coils, which look identical to those that go into innerspring mattresses, can deform over time because they don't distribute weight as evenly, leaving an indentation in the seat.

When inspecting a spring-based sofa, listen for squeaks and creaks while sitting and shifting on the outside edges and corners of the sofa. Anything audible may indicate an improperly installed or loose spring.

Some mid-tier sofas use supports of polypropylene webbing, similar to outdoor gear straps. (You'll also find this style of support in vintage mid-century seats, which commonly use Pirelli webbing made of rubber and cord.) Representatives at luxury furniture brand Mitchell Gold + Bob Williams, and Hammer & Heels's Alicia Engman claim poly webbing is as strong and comfortable as any other option available.

When sitting on a spring-based sofa, listen for squeaks and creaks. Anything audible may indicate an improperly installed or loose spring.

'This stuff is literally seatbelt material. You trust them to keep you from flying from a vehicle, so it will have no problem keeping you 18' from the ground,' said Engman. 'Polypropylene webbing is installed as bands that cross the seat and back. These are then attached to the frame to make a platform for the cushions. Make sure the webbing is attached to the frame using clips, not staples.' Webbing also doesn't ever squeak.

Webbing offers a more affordable and lighter-weight option to spring-based suspension systems, but you'll be trading away the comfortable bounce that springs and coils offer. Some furniture upholsterers reject claims that any webbing is on a par with properly installed eight-way hand-tied springs in the durability department, citing the 'price and skill' associated with its use. Webbing may work fine across a dining chair or armchair, but stretched across the expanse of a sofa frame, the straps may not be as durable as a sinuous-coil setup. It's probably best to purchase this style of sofa only from a manufacturer with a warranty that covers the webbing.

The cushioning

Beyond aesthetics, the subjective nature of cushions invites the widest (and most passionate) range of opinions when it comes to sofas. Some people love sinking into the upholstered embrace of a cushy-soft couch, others prefer a sofa with a firm feel and resilient shape. Identifying your preference will determine which of the following four cushion options you should consider:

Poly-wrapped foam: The majority of sofas manufactured today feature seat and back cushioning filled with layers of high-resiliency foam, a high-response material characterized by an open-cell structure, resulting in a supportive feel that dependably retains its shape over time (in contrast, a slow-response material like memory foam contours and deforms with use). A polyester wrap and a tight-weave down-proof ticking surround the foam center, resulting in a low-maintenance cushion that does not require fluffing.

Goose/duck down: You'll find this naturally soft filling inside some of the most expensive sofas, filled either with 100 percent down (plush) or a down-blend encasing a foam core (slightly firmer) with a layer of down-proof ticking. Hammer & Heels's Engman warns to check the down-to-feather ratio, so that you're not paying for down when you're getting mostly feathers, and recommends looking for cushions with channelled envelopes to keep down filling evenly dispersed. Even with sewn-in baffling, you'll definitely need to rotate, flip, and fluff down-filled cushions regularly, as down has a tendency to flatten and clump with use. Just like a down bed pillow, 100 percent down will deform faster and require more fluffing. A 50-50 blend will likely be a little firmer and more affordable. Anyone allergic to feathers should avoid this option completely.

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Innerspring core: This style of cushion is built directly into the frame'so the cushions aren't removable. Individually pocketed coils wrapped in a layer of foam give this style of cushion more bounce to the ounce in comparison with any of the other options. Like an innerspring mattress, a sofa cushion's durability is determined by the gauge of steel and how well it is attached to the frame. Be sure to listen for any immediate audible squeaks while seated; feel for any uncomfortable pressure points where the springs are misaligned.

Memory foam: The high density of memory foam ensures durability, but not everyone will like its form-fitting properties. It's primarily found as a layer for sleeper sofas.

Lastly, in regard to foam used within sofa cushioning, Joshua Siegel of BSC Furniture mentioned that customers often mistakenly associate firmer with longer-lasting cushioning. 'The firmness of a couch's cushion does not reflect durability. But the density of the foam does correlate to the quality and longevity of a product.'

The upholstery

Never judge a book by its cover, and never pick a sofa solely by its fabric. That said, upholstery truly matters, as it's what you'll see and feel for years after purchase. If maintained with care, certain high-performance fabrics can last for over a decade. Both natural fibers and synthetics offer varying degrees of durability, with natural fibers generally revealing a richer depth of color, and synthetics exhibiting a smoother feel.

Some furniture retailers may advertise a Martindale or Wyzenbeek abrasion-test rub count, which should help indicate a fabric's durability. Furniture manufacturers in the US tend to use the Wyzenbeek score, while European manufacturers tend to use the Martindale score. 'Rub count is important, and I recommend high performance fabrics rated for at least 50,000 [Martindale] rub count as standard, 80,000 rubs as premium, and anything over 100,000 is considered high performance,' advised Svenja Diekmann, lead designer at Stockholm-based furniture manufacturer Hem.

Both synthetic and natural fabrics can pill, but higher-quality textiles with longer filaments and tighter weaves will pill less. Modernica's Jay Novak pointed out that natural-fiber fabrics tend to pill more at first, but eventually shed their loose fibers to become smoother and softer with time and use. Manmade fibers will show pilling longer and more evidently, but neither is considered abnormal or a defect. Fabric mills test for pilling, using a five-grade scale. According to Natalie Quinn, upholstery merchandise manager at Room & Board, a score of 2 or less means that the fabric will likely have pilling issues. The score doesn't usually make it into catalogues or onto websites, so you'll have to ask the retailer about the number. If you do see pilling, you can use a pill shaver or even a sharp manual razor (gently) to remove excess fibers to smooth out worries about upholstery.

A fabric's thread count, weave tightness, colorfastness, and stain resistance aren't always readily available, but any legitimate sofa retailer can offer a spec sheet with some, if not all, of its fabrics' performance characteristics. Anyone concerned about harmful VOCs should consider furniture built or sold in California, because every upholstered product must meet the stringent California Air Resources Board's standards.

The legs

Years ago I made the mistake of purchasing a sofa outfitted with low, metal hairpin legs. They looked great in the showroom, which had impervious sealed cement floors. But they left my apartment's original oak floors scraped like a 5-year-old's knee after a skateboarding mishap. I was eventually forced to purchase carpet tiles to prevent further damage. Considering the material, diameter/surface area, and shape of sofa legs in relation to flooring ahead of purchase will prevent experiencing a similar 'oh no' moment.

Sofa legs and feet are mostly made of wood, offering an opportunity to inspect a sofa manufacturer's eye for grain and finish consistency. Check for uniformity in height and if the stain finish matches between feet and frame, and inspect each piece to confirm that it is securely fastened by getting down to the ground and giving each piece a pull, wiggle, and twist. Also ask if there are any uninstalled feet available for closer inspection. Avoid sofas with legs attached directly into the frame with screws'they're susceptible to loosening over time under the duress of shifting bodies. Instead, look for legs and feet attached using thick threaded hanger bolts secured with T-nuts, which you can easily adjust or replace.

More about sofas from our editors

• The Best Online Sofa

  After 40 hours of research and testing seven sofas from online companies, we recommend BenchMade Modern for its quality construction and good customer service.

• The Best Sofas You Can Buy Online

  In this guide we walk you through what to look for before buying a sofa online and the best furniture companies to shop from.

How Deep Are Your Seats?

Seat depth is another factor that you'll want to consider'it's the distance between the backrest and the outer edge of the seat cushion. There's no right seat depth per se but a deeper-seated sofa is better suited for kicking up your feet or sprawling out, while something more narrow is great if you're just looking to sit upright. If you're on the hunt for something extremely specific when it comes to depth, look to brands like Interior Define and Benchmade Modern, who custom make sectionals to your exact preference'with varying options for seat depths, sectional length, and more.

Material World

Bouclé: Our AD Pro editors first noticed bouclé on the rise back in , and since then, the material hasn't gone anywhere. AD PRO editor Mel Studach gave the low-down on bouclé fabric and its origins in her coverage: 'Derived from the French word meaning 'curled' or 'ringed,' bouclé can refer to a yarn, made from a series of looped fiber, or the fabric made from it. Wool is the most common fiber to undergo the technique, though cotton, linen, and silk have also been used for achieving the fabric's textured hand.'

Cotton: When choosing upholstery, you really can't go wrong with cotton'it's a true chameleon. It can come in thinner and thicker canvases as well as bouclé, chenille, and more. It's one of the easier to maintain options on this list cleaning-wise and especially great if you're prone to any allergies associated with synthetic materials or wool.

Chenille: Typically made of woven cotton, silk, rayon, or wool yarn, chenille is a textured material that gives a fluffy, velvet-like appearance'the name even comes from the French word for caterpillar.

Linen: You'll find two stand-out linen options on our list'the Maiden Home Dune and Sixpenny Neva'both which received rave reviews from our testers. Linen won't hold odors the way unnatural fabrics might, brings an airy quality to your space, and it's perfect if you're trying to achieve a coastal aesthetic. Some linens even come as cotton blends for extra softness (a la the Sixpenny Neva).

Leather: We also have a couple of leather sectionals in the mix'the Interior Define Gaby and Article Sven. Leather will show wear over time, but that distressed look is part of the charm in our opinion. The material is also less forgiving to spills and stains so we suggest addressing accidents ASAP or seeking help from a professional for serious messes. (You may also want to invest in a furniture-safe leather conditioner to keep your seats looking hydrated and extending their longevity.)

Performance Fabric: When it comes to the rough and tumble of everyday life, performance fabric is the support system you're looking for in an upholstery. With an emphasis on durability, performance materials are built to withstand the toughest of stains. We like Castlery's explainer into the ins and outs of what exactly the material is, which can include polyester, nylon, acrylics, and more.

Polyester: Polyester (or performance polyester or poly-blends) is a classic option for both indoor and outdoor since it's got water resistant qualities and doesn't fade. It may collect dust and debris a bit easier than other options on this list but nothing a quick cushion fluff or regular vacuuming can't tackle.

Velvet: Anything upholstered in velvet will give your space a regal feel'that said, it's one of the more higher maintenance materials. Velvet attracts dust, plus, if any scratches or abrasions occur they're more likely to show.

Wool: Wool is a naturally biodegradable sustainable upholstery option that eco-conscious shoppers might gravitate towards. Appreciated by furniture brands because it's easy to pull without creasing, it might not be a suitable option if you have allergies. Any stains that can't immediately be wiped away should also be addressed by a professional cleaner since excess moisture could ruin the fabric.

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