How does Type 2 EV charger work?

This comprehensive guide on Level 2 charging for electric vehicles (EVs) covers everything from Level 2 charging speeds and charger types to EV charging incentives, ensuring you have all the knowledge you need to fully understand Level 2 EV charging.

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LEVEL 2 CHARGERS: WHAT SETS THEM APART?

Level 2 chargers offer faster charging speeds compared to Level 1 chargers by using alternating current (AC) power. In the United States, they operate on a 208/240 volts input, while in Europe, they use either a single-phase 230 volts input or a three-phase 400 volts input. Level 2 chargers are primarily intended for home, workplace, and public charging stations. They are compatible with most electric vehicles available on the market and are the most common type of charger installed globally. These chargers come in wall-mounted versions or can be mounted on pedestals, and they also have an all-in-one design.

AC VS. DC CHARGING

Understanding the two types of electrical current used in electric vehicle charging is essential: alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC). Both play a critical role in charging speed and battery management during the charging process.

Alternating Current (AC)

The electricity supplied by the grid to your home or office is always AC. This current is characterized by its periodic change of direction. AC electricity can efficiently be transmitted over long distances, making it the global standard for power distribution. Level 2 EV charging inputs and outputs power in AC.

Direct Current (DC)

In contrast, EV batteries store direct current, which has a straight-line power flow. DC electricity is utilized within the circuitry of electronic devices, powering them directly. When an electric vehicle plugs into a Level 2 charging station, it receives AC power, which is subsequently converted to DC electricity for use in the car by its onboard converter.

AC and DC Charging for Electric Vehicles

When using a Level 2 charger, electric vehicles undergo a power conversion process. The AC power from the L2 charger is transformed into DC electricity by the vehicle’s onboard converter before being stored in the battery, which then powers the vehicle.

Both Level 1 and Level 2 charging stations use AC power, which is converted to DC by the vehicle’s onboard converter during charging. Conversely, Level 3 charging, or DC fast charging, delivers DC power directly to the battery, allowing faster charging since the conversion occurs at the charging station itself, bypassing the vehicle's onboard converter.

By understanding AC and DC roles in electric vehicle charging, you will have a clearer comprehension of the charging process and how different EV chargers supply power to vehicles.

The charging curves for AC and DC differ. Level 2 EV charging (AC) delivers power steadily because the onboard converter can accept a limited amount of power at a time. This differs from DC fast charging, which initially provides a high power peak before tapering down as the battery requires less power through the battery management system. The difference in these charging curves can be visually represented in an illustration.

HOW FAST IS LEVEL 2 EV CHARGING?

Level 2 chargers' charging speeds range from 3 to 19.2 kilowatts (kW) in the United States and up to 22 kW in Europe, delivering 10 to 75 miles (16 – 120 km) of range per hour. The specific charging speed attained depends on the charger's power output and the vehicle's onboard capabilities, including its charge acceptance rate. A Level 2 charger can charge vehicles up to 19 times faster than a Level 1 charger, although it is not as rapid as Level 3 DC fast charging.

Level 2 (L2) 3 kW – 22 kW (19.2 kW for USA) 2 – 13 hours 10 – 75 miles (16 – 120 km) Type 1 – J (USA and Japan)
Type 2 – Mennekes (Europe)
GB/T AC (China) Home, workplace, overnight charging, hotels, long-stay car parks, and public charging

CHARGING TIMES FOR LEVEL 2 CHARGERS

The charging time for a Level 2 charger depends heavily on the charger's power output, the EV's onboard charge acceptance rate, and the vehicle's battery size. While many factors can influence charging time, here are rough estimates based on a vehicle that accepts the full charge power and adds 40 kWh of battery capacity (the average capacity of EV batteries).

3 kW 13.3 7 kW 5.7 11 kW 3.6 19.2 kW 2.1 22 kW 1.8

Note that actual times may vary depending on the specific make and model of the EV.

LEVEL 2 CHARGER TYPES: TETHERED VS. UNTETHERED

Level 2 electric vehicle chargers are mainly divided into two categories: tethered and untethered. This section examines the key differences, advantages, disadvantages, and additional considerations for both types.

Tethered EV Chargers

Tethered chargers have a permanently attached charging cable and connector, eliminating the need for the user to carry a separate cable. They are user-friendly and always ready for charging (when available). Compatibility across all EV models depends on the connector type. Tethered Level 2 chargers are widely used in North America.

Benefits of Tethered EV Chargers

• Convenience – Tethered chargers provide a hassle-free experience as the charging cable and connector are always at hand, making them ideal for users who may forget to bring their own cables.
• Price Transparency – The tethered charging cable is included in the overall cost of the EV charger, so there’s no need to purchase additional cables separately.

Things to Consider with Tethered EV Chargers

• Length Limitation – Users may be restricted by the length of the supplied charging cable. If a longer cable is necessary, it may incur extra costs and should be specified when ordering.
• Size – A tethered charger may require more space to accommodate the management of the cable, which might necessitate additional cable management solutions.
• Theft Risk – The threat of theft exists as criminals may cut tethered charging cables for scrap value.
• Wear and Tear – Tethered cables are subject to wear and may need replacement over time.

Untethered EV Chargers

Untethered EV chargers lack a permanently attached charging cable or connector. Instead, users must supply their own charging cable, which can be connected and disconnected via a socket in the EV charger. These chargers are popular in many European countries.

Benefits of Untethered EV Chargers

• Easier Maintenance – Untethered chargers are generally smaller and neater due to the absence of an attached cable, reducing the number of components that may require maintenance or replacement.
• Cost-effective – Without an included charging cable, untethered EV chargers are typically less expensive compared to tethered versions.
• Less Restrictive – Users have the option to purchase longer cables if needed without replacing the entire charger. This flexibility also allows for future upgrades in charging technology.

Things to Consider with Untethered EV Chargers

• Less Convenient – Users must individually attach and detach the charging cable, adding an extra step that tethered versions eliminate.
• Potential Accessibility Issues – If a user forgets to bring their charging cable, they will not be able to use the EV charger.

LEVEL 2 CHARGING CONNECTORS AND PLUGS

Different EV charging connectors and plug types are utilized globally. Four main types of connectors and plugs are designated for Level 2 charging.

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Type 1 (J)

The Type 1 connector and plug, also known as the J Plug, is primarily used in North America and Japan. It can deliver up to a 19.2 kW charging capacity with 80 amps utilizing a single-phase 240-volt input. Most battery electric cars and plug-in hybrids in North America use the Type 1 J connector, with Tesla being the notable exception.

Type 2 (Mennekes)

Type 2 connectors, also called Mennekes, are standard in Europe, Australia, and parts of the Middle East and Africa. They can deliver up to 7.6 kW with 32 amps at single-phase 230-volt and up to 22 kW with 32 amps using a three-phase 400-volt input.

GB/T (AC)

GB/T is the AC electric vehicle connector and plug standard for China. It can provide up to 7.4 kW of power output with a single-phase input and resembles the Type 2 connector used in Europe. However, the internal wiring configuration is entirely different, making them incompatible.

NACS (North American Charging Standard)

The NACS, developed by Tesla for use in North America, was previously known as the Tesla Super Charger connector. It can provide AC and DC charging to Tesla vehicles, with the AC Level 2 version able to deliver up to 48 Amps on a single-phase 240-volt input.

IDEAL LOCATIONS FOR INSTALLING LEVEL 2 CHARGERS

Level 2 chargers are versatile and can operate efficiently in a variety of locations. Here are some ideal placements for these chargers:

Home

Installing Level 2 chargers at home is an excellent choice for overnight charging. They provide a substantial range for daily commutes and regular short trips, enhancing convenience and flexibility for homeowners.

Workplaces

Workplaces are strategic locations for Level 2 chargers, allowing employees to recharge their EVs during work hours. This makes it easier to adopt electric vehicles, benefiting both staff and the environment. Installing chargers at work can also attract and retain environmentally conscious employees and serve as a valuable employee perk.

Public Charging Stations

Level 2 chargers at public charging stations offer accessible solutions for EV drivers away from their homes or workplaces. Ideal locations include community centers, parks, event venues, leisure centers, and roadside rest stops, making these stations crucial for EV users without off-street parking.

Commercial Properties

Commercial properties such as retail parks, restaurants, long-stay car parks, and hotels are great spots for Level 2 chargers. They support EV fleets, encourage customers to spend more time on-site, and demonstrate a commitment to sustainability.

In conclusion, strategically placing Level 2 chargers in various locations supports the widespread adoption of electric vehicles and caters to the evolving needs of different user groups. Thoughtfully selected installation sites will integrate Level 2 charging into people's daily routines, making EV ownership a more attractive choice.

INCENTIVES FOR INSTALLING LEVEL 2 CHARGERS

Numerous countries, states, and local governments provide financial incentives to promote the adoption of electric vehicles, particularly regarding EV charging infrastructure. These incentives include tax credits, rebates, and grants. In the United States, various incentives are available through state-level programs, including rebates from utility companies.

Level 2 charging is a practical, efficient, and convenient method for charging electric vehicles at home, work, or public locations. By understanding the different aspects of Level 2 charging, such as charging speeds, connectors, and incentives, you will be equipped to decide whether installing Level 2 charging stations is the right choice for you.

EV Charger Types, Connectors & Speeds