Directional boring
Directional boring
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Directional boring, also referred to as horizontal directional drilling (HDD), is a minimal impact trenchless method of installing underground utilities such as pipe, conduit, or cables in a relatively shallow arc or radius along a prescribed underground path using a surface-launched drilling rig. Directional boring offers significant environmental advantages over traditional cut and cover pipeline/utility installations. The technique is routinely used when conventional trenching or excavating is not practical or when minimal surface disturbance is required.[1]
Although often used interchangeably, the terms directional boring and horizontal directional drilling are distinct in that they convey a different sense of scale. The term "directional boring" or "bore" is generally reserved for mini/small sized drilling rigs, small diameter bores, and crossing lengths in terms of hundreds of feet. Generally, the term Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) is intended to describe large/maxi sized drilling rigs, large diameter bores, and crossing lengths in terms of thousands of feet. Directional boring and HDD are similar in some respects to directional drilling associated with the oil industry, however, an equal comparison cannot be drawn as the procedures serve markedly different functions. Directional boring can be utilized with various pipe materials such as PVC, polyethylene, polypropylene, ductile iron, and steel provided that the pipe's properties (wall thickness and material strength) enable it to be both installed and operated (if applicable) under acceptable stress limits.[2]
Directional boring/HDD is generally accomplished in three principal phases. First, a small diameter pilot hole is drilled along a directional path from one surface point to another. Next, the bore created during pilot hole drilling is enlarged to a diameter that will facilitate installation of the desired pipeline. Lastly, the pipeline is pulled into the enlarged hole, thus creating a continuous segment of pipe underground exposed only at the two initial endpoints. Directional boring can be utilized to cross any number of surface obstacles including roadways, railroads, wetlands, and water bodies of varying sizes/depths.[3]
The process is suitable for a variety of soil conditions including clay, silt, sand, and rock. Problematic soil conditions include large grain content in the form of coarse gravel, cobbles, and boulders. Other subsurface conditions which can impact the feasibility of directional boring include excessive rock strength and abrasivity, poor rock quality, and rock exhibiting karst features.[4]
Equipment
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Small HDD drill rig Maxi-sized drill rig Typical maxi-sized HDD Rrig spread (approximately 50,000 sq ft.)The equipment used in directional boring depends on the length of the (proposed) crossing, the pipe properties (of the to-be-installed pipeline), and the (anticipated) subsurface conditions.[citation needed]
For longer more challenging crossings, tractor trailer mounted drills capable of 1,320,000 lbs (thrust/pullback force) and 150,000 ft-lbs (rotary force) may be used [600 tonnes- 204,000 N-M ]. These units are used in conjunction with a drilling fluid reclaimer, high volume pump or pumps, an excavator (or comparable equipment for managing drill pipe), along with an assortment of other ancillary equipment (e.g. water tanks, spoil containers, etc.) to facilitate typical operations.[citation needed]
For smaller bores, proportionally smaller and more portable equipment is available. These units may be capable of anywhere from 5,000 lbs to 100,000 lbs of thrust/push force and may be used for spanning between a house basement to a nearby shared water pipe. Fluid exhaustion associated with smaller bores is proportionally less as well. In many instances, smaller bores do not require the use of drilling fluid, only water, and in even less significant bores no fluids at all.[5]
Tooling, as in the mechanical apparatus that are installed to the drill string to conduct operations, are available in a wide number of different shapes and sizes. Directional boring tooling includes the suite of drill bits or drill heads used during pilot hole operations, reamers and hole-openers used for hole enlargement, and swab tools which are used for hole conditioning and pullback. Tooling intended to navigate rock, or tougher formations, may use tungsten carbide alloys or polycrystalline diamond (PCD). In contrast, tooling intended to navigate soft soils may be limited to high carbon steel (milled to a desired shape and size). The methodology of advancement also varies somewhat between soil and rock crossings. Advancement of tooling within loose uncemented soils is largely accomplished by hydraulic excavation. That is, the soil is being cut and or removed under the influence of high pressure fluid. Within rock formations, hydraulic excavation is still taking place to some degree (evacuating spoil) but the lion's share of cutting and breaking up material is due to mechanical work being done by the tool itself.[citation needed]
Technique
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Directional boring is used for installing infrastructure such as telecom and power cable conduits, water lines, sewer lines, gas lines, oil lines, product pipelines, and environmental remediation casings. It is used for crossing waterways, roadways, shore approaches, congested areas, environmentally sensitive areas, and areas where other methods are costlier or not possible. It is used instead of other techniques to provide less traffic disruption, lower cost, deeper and/or longer installation, no access pit, shorter completion times, directional capabilities, and environmental safety.[citation needed]
The technique has extensive use in urban areas for developing subsurface utilities as it helps in avoiding extensive open cut trenches. The use requires that the operator have complete information about existing utilities so that they can plan the alignment to avoid damaging those utilities. Since uncontrolled drilling can lead to damage, different agencies/government authorities owning the urban right-of-way or the utilities have rules for safe work execution. For standardization of the techniques, different trenchless technology promoting organizations have developed guidelines for this technique.[citation needed]
Process
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Starting pit with pilot hole and some drilling fluid in the pitThe process starts with the receiving hole and entrance pits. These pits will allow the drilling fluid to be collected and reclaimed to reduce costs and prevent waste. The first stage drills a pilot hole on the designed path, and the second stage (reaming) enlarges the hole by passing a larger cutting tool known as the back reamer. The reamer's diameter depends on the size of the pipe to be pulled back through the bore hole. The driller increases the diameter according to the outer diameter of the conduit and to achieve optimal production. The third stage places the product or casing pipe in the enlarged hole by way of the drill stem; it is pulled behind the reamer to allow centering of the pipe in the newly reamed path.[citation needed]
Horizontal directional drilling is done with the help of a viscous fluid known as drilling fluid. It is a mixture of water and, usually, bentonite or polymer continuously pumped to the cutting head or drill bit to facilitate the removal of cuttings, stabilize the bore hole, cool the cutting head, and lubricate the passage of the product pipe. The drilling fluid is sent into a machine called a reclaimer which removes the drill cuttings and maintains the proper viscosity of the fluid. Drilling fluid holds the cuttings in suspension to prevent them from clogging the bore. A clogged bore creates back pressure on the cutting head, slowing production.[citation needed]
Locating and guidance
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Empty conduits laid by directional boringLocation and guidance of the drilling head is an important part of the drilling operation, as the drilling head is under the ground while drilling and, in most cases, not visible from the ground surface. Uncontrolled or unguided drilling can lead to substantial destruction, which can be eliminated by properly locating and guiding the drill head.[citation needed]
There are three types of locating equipment for locating the bore head: the walk-over locating system, the wire-line locating system and the gyro guided drilling, where a full inertial navigation system is located close to the drill head.
- Walk-over locating system ' A sonde, or transmitter, behind the bore head registers angle, rotation, direction, and temperature data. This information is encoded into an electromagnetic signal and transmitted through the ground to the surface in a walk-over system. At the surface a receiver (usually a hand-held locator) is manually positioned over the sonde, the signal is decoded and steering directions are relayed to the bore machine operator.
- Wire-line locating system ' The wire-line system is a magnetic guidance system. With a magnetic guidance system (MGS), the tool reads inclination and azimuth. The MGS, also has a secondary means of location verification utilizing wire grids laid on the ground surface. It is the only system that has the capability of verifying the location. This information is transmitted through the wire-line fitted within the drill string. At the surface, the navigator in the drill cab performs the necessary calculations to confirm the parameters have been met. The MGS, even without the use of the wire grid, has been accurate to over 2 km with an accuracy of 2% at depth. The operator of the MGS communicates with the driller and guides him towards a predetermined engineered drill path.
- Gyro-based locating system ' The gyro based system is fully autonomous and therefore one of the most accurate systems where sufficient diameter
(200 mm)
is available and where long distances(up to 2 km)
have to be traversed with minimal deviation (less than1 m
position error). Currently the actual depth is not verifiable without the use of surface coils, a near surface transponder or sonde used in walkover systems.
All three systems have their own merits, and a particular system is chosen depending upon the site requirements.[citation needed]
See also
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References
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- PR-277--Z01 Installation of Pipelines by Horizontal Directional Drilling, An Engineering Design Guide, prepared under the sponsorship of the Pipeline Research Committee at the American Gas Association, April 15, , Revised under the sponsorship of the Pipeline Research Council International, Inc., .
- HDD Design Guideline Task Committee of the Technical Committee on Trenchless Installation of Pipelines (TIPS) of the Pipeline Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers. Pipeline design for installation by horizontal directional drilling - ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice (MOP) No. 108 : ASCE manual of practice. American Society of Civil Engineers, . Reston, VA. ISBN 978-0---9
- Skonberg, Eric R., and Tennyson M. Muindi. Pipeline Design for Installation by Horizontal Directional Drilling - ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice (MOP) No. 108 (2nd Edition). Reston, Virginia: American Society of Civil Engineers, . ISBN 978-0--50-0
- ASME, Pipeline Geohazards, Planning, Design, Construction and Operations, Second Edition of Pipeline Geo-Environmental Design and Geohazard management, NY: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, . ISBN 978-
- Willoughby, David (). Horizontal Directional Drilling, p. 1-263. Mcgraw-Hill, New York. ISBN 0-07--X.
- Short, Jim (). Introduction to Directional and Horizontal Drilling, p. 1-222. PennWell Books, Tulsa, Oklahoma. ISBN 0--395-5.
- v. Hinueber, Edgar (iMAR Navigation) (). Most accurate drilling guidance by dead-reckoning using high precision optical gyroscopes, Proceedings NoDig Conference of Horizontal Directional Drilling, Brisbane .
- Rizkalla, Moness. Pipeline geo-environmental design and geohazard management. New York, NY: ASME, . ISBN 978-0--81-6
- The Directional Boring Advantage Archived -08-16 at the Wayback Machine describes techniques used, with diagrams.
- Directional Boring provides examples of the six types of utilities installed via the directional boring method.
- Directional Boring provides details about the various types of Horizontal directional drill machines available.
https://ppdrillingfluids.in/
Directional Boring Underground | What Is ...
Directional Boring
What Is Directional Boring?
Directional boring is a method for laying underground pipes, wires, and conduits without digging trenches. It has a minimum impact on the surface, making it the method of choice in instances when traditional trenching is not viable or where minimal surface disturbance is desired.
Drilling a pilot hole with a small diameter along a predetermined underground path is followed by widening the bore to accommodate the required pipeline. The pipeline is then dragged into the expanded hole, forming a continuous section of pipe with only its two endpoints exposed.
The approach is adaptable to diverse soil conditions and is capable of traversing diverse surface impediments, including roads, wetlands, and bodies of water. Different pipe materials can be used with directional boring if the pipe's qualities permit installation and operation below acceptable stress limits.
Directional Boring Machine Types
Directional boring equipment depends on numerous criteria, such as the length of the intended crossing, the qualities of the pipeline to be laid, and the predicted subsurface conditions.
Tractor Trailer Mounted Drills
For longer and more complex crossings, tractor-trailer-mounted augers are used. These machines are capable of generating 1.32 million pounds of thrust/pullback force and 150,000 foot-pounds of rotary force. They are utilized in conjunction with other equipment, such as a drilling fluid reclaimer, high-volume pump, excavator, and a variety of auxiliary equipment, to aid with standard operations.
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Smaller Portable Equipment
Smaller, more transportable equipment with thrust/push forces ranging from 5,000 to 100,000 pounds is available for smaller bores. They are utilized for operations such as connecting a home's basement to a nearby shared water pipe and may not require drilling fluid or water alone.
Also available in a variety of sizes and forms are drill bits, reamers, hole-openers, and swab tools, among others. Installed on the drill string to perform operations, these tools are made of materials such as tungsten carbide alloys, polycrystalline diamond (PCD), or high-carbon steel. The method of advancement differs between soil and rock crossings, with hydraulic excavation being the primary approach for unconsolidated soils and a combination of hydraulic excavation and mechanical operations for rock formations.
How Much Does Directional Underground Boring Cost?
How much does directional boring cost? The cost of horizontal directional drilling can vary based on a number of variables, including the type of project (residential or commercial), location, soil conditions, and length of the bore. Here is a breakdown of cost-related factors to consider for residential and commercial directional drilling projects:
Residential Directional Boring
- Type of property (single-family home, townhome, etc.)
- Distance between bore points
- Soil conditions
- Access to the property
- Size and type of pipe being installed
- Local permit and utility fees
Commercial Directional Boring
- Type of building or property
- Size and type of pipe being installed
- Distance between bore points
- Soil conditions
- Access to the property
- Availability of power, water, and other resources
- The complexity of the job site (existing underground utilities, large trees, etc.)
- Local permit and utility fees
- Number of bore points
The best way to get an accurate estimate for directional boring costs is to contact a local directional boring contractor specializing in this type of work. They can assess the specific needs of your project and provide a detailed quote.
Boring in Construction
What is construction directional boring? In construction, directional boring is distinct from other forms of horizontal directional drilling. Directional boring in construction involves the non-disruptive placement of underground pipes, conduits, and cables to create a path for underground utilities and services in a construction project.
This technique is frequently employed in new construction and remodeling projects to minimize the impact on above-ground structures and surfaces and preserve excavation safety.
The following bullet points illustrate some of the distinctions between construction directional boring and other forms of directional drilling:
- Purpose: Directional boring in construction is designed primarily for utility and service installations in building projects, but other forms of directional boring may serve different purposes, including pipeline installation, geological investigation, and mining.
- Equipment: Directional boring equipment used in construction projects is often smaller and more portable than directional boring equipment used in other types of projects. This is because development projects frequently necessitate additional space and entry points.
- Site conditions: Directional boring in construction occurs inside the limits of a construction site, which may have a limited area, restricted access, and special safety needs. Another directional boring may occur in distant areas, underground mines, and offshore.
- Project scale: Due to a limited area and access points on a construction site, the scope of construction directional boring projects is typically less than other types of directional boring projects. Consequently, the cost and time of construction projects may be lower than those of other directional boring operations.
Directional drilling in construction is intended to minimize the impact on above-ground structures, surfaces, and utilities. Other techniques of directional drilling may be subject to various limitations and have a bigger influence on the ecosystem above ground.
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