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What Is Fiber-Reinforced Concrete?

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Concrete is the most commonly used building material in the world and is used in almost every type of construction. Concrete is an essential construction material due to its durability, strength, and extreme longevity. It can withstand compressive and tensile stress and harsh weather conditions without compromising its architectural stability.

Concrete is used to make an immense variety of structures like highways, bridges, parking structures, buildings, foundational surfaces, and much more. Many concrete structures are built with steel rebar reinforcement, to increase their tensile strength and ability to carry heavy loads. The compressive strength of concrete paired with the tensile strength of the reinforcement material improves the concrete's overall durability. Fiber-reinforced concrete is one type of reinforced concrete. 

What is fiber-reinforced concrete?

Fiber-reinforced concrete is a type of concrete mix containing fibrous materials either synthetic or natural fibers, or glass fibers. It is made up of cement, mortar, and discrete, short fibers distributed in a uniform manner throughout the composite material.

Adding fibers to concrete helps reduce cracking in the concrete, and increases its overall energy absorption and structural integrity. The fibers are no replacement for stainless steel-reinforced concrete, however, as they do not aid in flexural strength, or the ability for concrete to bend without breaking.

Types of fiber-reinforced concrete and how they're used

Fiber reinforcement is used in both regular concrete and shotcrete (which is a type of concrete that can be sprayed). Round-shaped steel fibers are the most common type used in fiber-reinforced concrete. 

• Steel fiber in concrete is often used for road pavement overlays, bridge decks, and airfield pavement. 
• Glass fibers in concrete can be used for more modern and aesthetically pleasing, lower-weight structures, like furniture or architectural claddings on buildings. 
• Synthetic fiber in concrete is made up of one of two types of fibers: microfibers or macrofibers. The use of microfibers in concrete reduces shrinkage cracks and are commonly made of acrylic, polyester, nylon or polypropylene, amongst others. Macrofiber, on the other hand, is a more cost-effective reinforcement replacement for welded wire in concrete structures where high tensile strength is a necessity. Sidewalks, curbs, and driveways are all common structures that are built with microfibers added to the mix, while septic tanks and manholes are common structures built using macrofibers. 

How is fiber-reinforced concrete made?

Fiber-reinforced concrete can be made using regular mixed concrete or in mortar, as long as the fibers mix in evenly throughout. Things to consider when mixing fiber-reinforced concrete are the water to cement ratio, and the size of the fiber (referred to as the aspect ratio, which is the length of the fiber divided by the diameter). 

The percentage of fiber used in the concrete is also important to consider, since the volume of fibers used can impact the strength and sturdiness of the structure. When mixing together fiber-reinforced concrete, it should be done in a uniform way without segregation. Fibers must be added before mixing in the water so that they are dispersed in a way where they won't get balled together, preferably using a laboratory mixer and filtered through a wire mesh basket.

Concrete is the most commonly used building material in the world and is used in almost every type of construction. Concrete is an essential construction material due to its durability, strength, and extreme longevity. It can withstand compressive and tensile stress and harsh weather conditions without compromising its architectural stability.

Concrete is used to make an immense variety of structures like highways, bridges, parking structures, buildings, foundational surfaces, and much more. Many concrete structures are built with steel rebar reinforcement, to increase their tensile strength and ability to carry heavy loads. The compressive strength of concrete paired with the tensile strength of the reinforcement material improves the concrete's overall durability. Fiber-reinforced concrete is one type of reinforced concrete. 

What is fiber-reinforced concrete?

Fiber-reinforced concrete is a type of concrete mix containing fibrous materials either synthetic or natural fibers, or glass fibers. It is made up of cement, mortar, and discrete, short fibers distributed in a uniform manner throughout the composite material.

Adding fibers to concrete helps reduce cracking in the concrete, and increases its overall energy absorption and structural integrity. The fibers are no replacement for stainless steel-reinforced concrete, however, as they do not aid in flexural strength, or the ability for concrete to bend without breaking.

Types of fiber-reinforced concrete and how they're used

Fiber reinforcement is used in both regular concrete and shotcrete (which is a type of concrete that can be sprayed). Round-shaped steel fibers are the most common type used in fiber-reinforced concrete. 

• Steel fiber in concrete is often used for road pavement overlays, bridge decks, and airfield pavement. 
• Glass fibers in concrete can be used for more modern and aesthetically pleasing, lower-weight structures, like furniture or architectural claddings on buildings. 
• Synthetic fiber in concrete is made up of one of two types of fibers: microfibers or macrofibers. The use of microfibers in concrete reduces shrinkage cracks and are commonly made of acrylic, polyester, nylon or polypropylene, amongst others. Macrofiber, on the other hand, is a more cost-effective reinforcement replacement for welded wire in concrete structures where high tensile strength is a necessity. Sidewalks, curbs, and driveways are all common structures that are built with microfibers added to the mix, while septic tanks and manholes are common structures built using macrofibers. 

How is fiber-reinforced concrete made?

Fiber-reinforced concrete can be made using regular mixed concrete or in mortar, as long as the fibers mix in evenly throughout. Things to consider when mixing fiber-reinforced concrete are the water to cement ratio, and the size of the fiber (referred to as the aspect ratio, which is the length of the fiber divided by the diameter). 

The percentage of fiber used in the concrete is also important to consider, since the volume of fibers used can impact the strength and sturdiness of the structure. When mixing together fiber-reinforced concrete, it should be done in a uniform way without segregation. Fibers must be added before mixing in the water so that they are dispersed in a way where they won't get balled together, preferably using a laboratory mixer and filtered through a wire mesh basket.

What are the advantages of using fiber-reinforced concrete?

Using fiber-reinforced concrete on a construction project has a few unique advantages as compared to using regular concrete or reinforcing the concrete with steel rebar.

• Early crack prevention. Fibers aid in controlling shrinkage cracking as the moisture level changes when the water evaporates from the concrete mix. Fiber-reinforced concrete prevents, or at least heavily reduces, early cracking right from start. 
• Durability and strength. The addition of fiber increases the overall durability of the concrete, can help lower corrosion levels, cavitation damage, and has a higher level of tensile strength when compared to concrete that is not reinforced. 
• Improved ductility. Fiber-reinforced concrete is less likely to become damaged by high tensile stress and can increase the amount of weight the structure is able to carry, especially when microfibers are used. 
• An alternative to rebar. Depending on the structure, fibers can be an alternative reinforcement material to steel rebar or can be added to steel-reinforced concrete, lowering the amount of steel necessary. This could also be beneficial in lowering the overall cost of the project. 

What are the disadvantages of using fiber-reinforced concrete?

While there are many advantages to using fiber-reinforced concrete, the material has some downsides as well. 

• Must be mixed carefully. The fibers used in fiber-reinforced concrete must be dispersed meticulously and uniform throughout the concrete mix. The margin of error for mixing fiber reinforced concrete can be high if done improperly. It is important that the fibers don't bunch up, which can be monitored, but there is always the possibility of fibers orienting in a way that causes the dispersion to be inconsistent. 
• Cost. Compared to non-reinforced concrete, fiber-reinforced concrete is more expensive. However, it should be noted that most concrete is reinforced in some way, and many projects require it.
• Weight. Adding fibers to concrete will make it heavier than plain concrete, generally. This adds weight to the overall structure, meaning an engineer needs to plan for this weight to maintain structural integrity. 

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It's easy to overlook the foundation when you're buying a new home, the kind of foundation and its condition can have a big impact on how your new home ages and what repair costs you might have down the road. Concrete slab foundations are very common but not necessarily the best kind of foundation for all homes.

This guide explores the pros and cons of concrete slab foundations, paying particular attention to common problems they develop and how they compare with other kinds of foundations.

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What is a Slab Foundation?

Slab foundations are the most common type of foundation because they're cheap and simple to build. A slab foundation is just a 6 to 8-inch concrete pad ' or slab, if you will ' that your house sits on top of. The concrete is poured on top of soil that's been prepared with sand or gravel to assist with drainage.

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How are Slab Foundations Built?

Slab foundations are the easiest type of foundation to build. The simplest type of slab foundation is constructed by pouring directly onto prepared soil, but some slab foundations have extra components like supporting concrete feet or insulating foam. All types of slab foundations are fundamentally similar, featuring a large block of concrete without any open spaces underneath.

What Are the Different Types of Slab Foundations?

There are three common types of slab foundations that all feature a slab of concrete at their core: slab-on-grade, T-shaped, and frost-protected.

• Slab On Grade
• T-shaped
• Frost Protected

Slab On Grade

A slab-on-grade foundation is probably what you think of when you hear the phrase 'slab foundation.' It consists of a single monolithic chunk of concrete that's poured directly on top of prepared soil. It doesn't feature any bells and whistles and is as simple as a foundation gets.

T-shaped

If you live somewhere where the ground freezes in the winter, a common practice is to build a t-shaped support structure out of concrete below the frost line. Construction involves setting inverted t-shaped feet in the ground and building walls on top. The slab is then poured inside the frame. T-shaped slabs are more expensive than slab-on-grade foundations and take longer to finish, but they also offer more structural integrity and better support for load-bearing walls.

Frost Protected

Frost protected foundations are designed to protect homes in colder climates from frost heaves. The primary advantage they have over t-shaped foundations is a shallower depth, which makes construction easier and requires fewer materials. Frost-protected foundations use polystyrene sheets to insulate the edges of the slab and the ground around the foundation walls, effectively raising the frost level and eliminating the risk of frost heave.

What Are the Pros of a Slab Foundation House?

Slab foundations offer several major benefits over homes with other types of foundations.

• Price: Slab foundations are extremely cost-effective per square foot, offering a sturdy base for your home at much lower prices than basements or crawl spaces. The typical cost for a slab foundation is significantly lower than the alternatives.
• Dries Quickly: Slab foundations are also easier to build than other kinds of foundations since many can be completed with a single pour, which means less waiting time and faster home construction.
• Lower Risk of Infestation: Since there aren't any open spaces under your home with a slab foundation, the risk of infestation from termites and other pests is much lower. Of course, insects and critters might find another way into your home, but at least you don't have to worry about finding any nests in your basement.
• Low Maintenance: As long as you keep an eye out for cracks, there's not much you have to do to maintain a slab foundation.

What Are the Cons of a Slab Foundation House?

Despite the relatively attractive advantages slab foundations have, they also come with some pretty sizable drawbacks.

• Gas and Water Lines: One of the biggest downsides to slab foundations is that there isn't any space to run gas and water lines, which means they have to be embedded in the foundation. When your pipes wear out, you'll have to open your foundation to replace them, increasing the cost and lengthening the project.
• Prone to Ice Damage: Even if you have a frost-protected or t-shaped foundation, slab foundations are prone to cracking in the winter. Even minuscule amounts of moisture can cause serious cracks in a slab foundation, which makes them a slightly risky option in colder climates.
• Hard to Access: Slab foundations are low-maintenance compared to basements and crawl spaces, but it's much more of a hassle to work on when things go wrong.

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What Are Common Issues of Slab Foundation Homes?

Homes with slab foundations have some unique problems that don't affect homes with other types of foundations.

• Cracks: The number one problem affecting slab foundations is cracking. Cracks can be caused by freezing temperatures, shifting soil, tree roots, and natural disasters like earthquakes.
• Settling: If the soil under your foundation shifts and settles, it can cause your foundation ' and, therefore, the rest of your home ' to shift and become unstable. This can lead to a host of serious problems, like sagging ceilings, bowed walls, and cracks in both the foundation and exterior walls of your home.
• Upheaval: Freezing moisture in the ground under a slab foundation can cause it to rise, creating similar problems to settling. To combat this, slab foundations are built on a layer of sand or gravel to encourage water to drain out from underneath your home.

How Do Concrete Slabs Compare to Other House Foundation Options?

Here's how slab foundations compare to other common kinds of foundations.

Foundation TypeCostSpace for UtilitiesCommon IssuesEase of MaintenanceSlab$NoCracks, upheaval, settlingEasyCrawl Space$$Yes, someMoisture problems, pestsModerateBasement$$$YesCracks, settling, pestsDifficult

Slab Foundation vs Crawl Space

Compared to a slab foundation, crawl spaces take a bit more time and effort to construct, but offer a few advantages. Homes with crawl spaces are less prone to flooding since the living space sits above the ground, although proper drainage is still important. Check out our article to discover ways to boost yard drainage.

Crawl spaces are also perfect for housing utility lines and air conditioning ductwork and easy access to perform maintenance or replace pipes when something goes wrong.

Building a home with a crawl space takes a bit longer and is slightly more expensive than building one with a slab foundation. A crawl space also needs to be regularly inspected to make sure it isn't developing mold or mildew and that no animals have decided to take up residence.

Slab Foundation vs Basement

Basement foundations have similar advantages over slab foundations to crawl spaces; the differences are just more dramatic. Full basements offer storage space and are perfect for housing utility equipment like water heaters and furnaces. They're also great places to keep your clothes washer and dryer, freeing up space in your home's main living area.

Unfortunately, basements are trickier to construct, take longer to build, and are more expensive. They're also susceptible to flooding, so you need to make sure your basement is properly sealed and that your landscaping encourages water to flow away from your home. Vapor barriers can also help, although a basement isn't a great choice in an area with a high water table or a region with a damp climate.

So, Are Slab Foundations Worth It?

Slab foundations are a good affordable option, although they need to be constructed properly to avoid catastrophic problems down the road. Colder climates pose a challenge to slab foundations, but t-shaped slab foundations and frost-protected slabs offer some protection against cracks caused by freezing moisture and frost heave.

Basements and crawl spaces are more involved to build and cost more than slab foundations, but they also provide entryways for pests and can struggle with moisture-related problems. Overall, a slab foundation is a good choice for the right home in a warmer climate.

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FAQs about Slab Foundations

How thick is a house slab foundation?

Most slab foundations are between 6 and 8 inches thick, with virtually all slabs falling between 4 and 12 inches.

Are slab foundation cracks normal?

Cracks in house foundations are common, but they can be a sign of trouble. If you notice cracks in your slab foundation, you should contact an engineer to perform an inspection. Repairing small cracks is easy, so don't let them get too big before you call a licensed contractor or home improvement specialist.

How are slab foundations repaired?

How slab foundations are repaired depends on what kind of damage the foundation has and how severe it is. Small cracks can be repaired with epoxy resin, but cracks caused by larger underlying issues require more extensive foundation repairs like installing piers or slabjacking.

Do slab foundations have footings?

T-shaped slab foundations have footings, but plain slabs do not.

Do slab foundations have crawl spaces?

No. A crawl space is a different kind of home foundation that's raised above the ground. Slab foundations sit directly on the ground beneath your home.

Do slab foundations feature rebar?

No, not usually. Rebar and wire mesh reinforcements are not a standard part of slab foundations but are sometimes used in foundation repair.

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