Power Quality Metering / Monitoring Solutions

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Why is Power Quality Monitoring Essential?

Power Quality Monitoring has several advantages, like enhancing performance and quality. A PQM System will gather, examine, and interpret raw energy measurement data into useful information. A typical monitoring system measures voltage and electric current, but the ground quality might also be measured if dispersed loads or harmonics are found. There are a number of various reasons to use power quality monitoring. It helps manufacturing plants in energy management, preventative maintenance, quality control and thus saving money in the long run. Today, many end users have telecommunications or computer equipment that does not utilize PQM. This makes them susceptible to power quality problems. If you understand the implications of power fluctuations then you will realize the importance of power quality monitoring.

It is projected that power outages account for up to 40 percent of all business downtime. To monitor their power, modern power plants use digital error recorders, smart relays, voltage recorders, in-plant power monitors, and specific purpose power quality equipment. Consumers of power, such as buildings and factories use power quality meters from manufacturers such as MachineSense to prevent equipment damage and fire.

Interested in Power Quality Monitoring for Your Factory or Building?

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Best Selling 3 Phase Portable Power Quality Meters

How Our Power Quality Monitoring Device Works?

1. Vibration Analyzer
2. MachineSense Power Toroid
3. MachineSense Power Analyzer
4. MachineSense Data Hub
5. Router
6. Cloud-Based Servers
7. MachineSense CrystalBallTM Predictive Software
8. Actionable Maintenance Advice

MachineSenseTM Power Analyzer toroids are placed directly on incoming power lines to automatically monitor power conditions and detect power anomalies. The sensor data transmits through a self-contained data hub directly to your router and onto cloud-based servers running powerful analytic software. Results are then transmitted from the server to either a desktop or user friendly app where you will view power conditions with helpful advice to correct power anomalies.

Power Analyzer Meter Installation Manuals

Download Datasheet Quick Start Guide Installation Guide

How is Power Quality Determined?

Individual Waveform Capture ' Allowing engineers and executives to track slowly changing variation in electrical waveforms to root out the cause of mechanical failures well before they happen which can be isolated, recorded and graphically displayed while using the Acuvim IIW.

• Harmonic Distortion
• Sag & Swell Monitoring
• Frequency Variations
• Power Factor

Harmonic Distortion

Power Quality Monitoring provides an analysis of non-linear loads connected to the distribution system, all of which affect electrical frequencies and cause problems such as misfiring, over-heating and voltage spikes. Individual harmonic measurement can be read on all of the MachineSense power quality meters.

Sag & Swell Monitoring

Voltage Sags and Swells are a decrease and increase in voltage over a brief time. Voltage sags are the most typical events that lead to affect the quality of energy and are usually the most pricey. They affect gear which range from PLCs, relays, controllers and everything else. When the sag happens, the power source within the device overcompensates which when the sag is reduced enough can harm the internal circuits of the device causing malfunctions.

Though these are generally blamed on the utility company, the reality is that these are usually caused inside the site or building and includes grounding, bonding, and other problems or from powering different equipment through the same power supply.

Frequency Variations

The deviation of the frequency at which electric current is supplied may confuse logic systems and affect the operating speed of machinery. These deviations in frequency can be effectively monitored using any MachineSense Power Quality Meter.

Power Factor

The ratio of the real power flowing to the load that it can be used for; this 0-1 figure is a most accurate depiction of how viable the electricity supplied is. Low power factor ( usually called 'dirty power' ) affects devices and causes inefficiencies in their functioning. All of the MachineSense power quality meters allow users to keep track of this ratio and users can track the historical power factor.

Recommended Implementation

An effective Power Quality Audit using MachineSense power quality monitoring systems can be achieved using MachineSense Power Quality Meters as a permanently installed power quality meter for proactive and comprehensive power quality measurement. The meter can be read remotely via our proprietary cloud-based software and app.

Features & Benefits of Power Harmonics Analyzer

1. Affordable, low investment and easy to install on existing equipment
2. Easy to understand diagnostic advice via text or messages and handheld or desktop dashboards, no manual data analysis
3. Dedicated power supply, no need to change sensor batteries
4. 24/7/365 constant automatic monitoring, no manual measurements
5. Accurate reporting of potential machine and component failures, to reduce unscheduled machine downtime
6. Real time and historic electrical power consumption data

Power Quality Analysis & Application of Power Analyzer Meter

1. Why is power quality analysis important?

Electrical power runs almost every machinery in the world. As clean unadulterated food is important for the healthy lifestyle of human beings, machines need clean power for longevity and uninterrupted operations. Therefore, high-quality power is absolutely required for the successful operation of the factories and the buildings. IEEE standard defines the international standard for clean power by limiting the maximum limits allowed for over/under voltage/current conditions, Sag/Swell, poor grounding/earthing, level of different current and voltage harmonics, etc. Power distribution companies maintain this standard while feeding to the transformers at the input to the factories and the buildings. However, power distribution inside the factory or the building may not comply with IEEE standards since within the factories/buildings power quality degrades due to uneven tapping of single-phase load from 3-phase lines, DC loads like LEDs, UPS, Mobile/Laptop charges, etc. Poor quality is not only responsible for immature death/downtime of the machines/controllers, it also threatens basic fire safety issues since power surges or imbalance may lead to the burning of the wires. In addition, harmonic contents of the power are normally wasted and thus contribute to energy inefficiencies.

2. What are some of the best applications of power quality meters?

Power Quality Meters have wide range of applications - most notable among them are:

• Check the compliance with IEEE power standards to make sure Power fed to the factories/buildings/machines are clean.
• Additional algorithms available to monitor predictive health of the Motors, Heaters, Drives 24x7 continuously in the cloud and in the edge system.
• Compare energy usages between different machines within a factory.
• Calculate the utilization and productivity of the machines.
• Measure energy usage per unit of productivity.
• Estimate the actual cost of electricity by an accurate cost model of energy usage that depends on time of the day, time of the year, etc.
• Capture surge or small duration electrical event in detail using the event capture mechanism.

3. How does a power quality meter work?

Power Quality analyzer has one hardware and 4 software components.

• Its hardware captures the voltage and current data of a machine or electrical line. Its hardware supports up to 6.6 kV and 0-A range.
• Voltage, Current and Power Factor data then fed to sensor system software ( Software-1) which extracts all the useful information ( metadata) of power quality ( harmonics, over-voltage, RMS, etc.) in real-time and with a sampling rate required for the application
• Then power quality metadata is ingested into an analytic module ( Software-2) which does analytical modeling for power quality. All the metadata and analytic results are continually stored into a database system ( Software-3) which stores the data for 6 months. In MachineSense system, Software 2 and 3 can be deployed both locally within the factory ( edge cloud) as well as in the public cloud ( MachineSense offers a fully-featured SaaS for that).
• Final results of analytics, metadata and database can be displayed/accessed using two different visualization software systems ( Software-4). One type of visualization known as data monitor is for plant engineers /maintenance crew. This version of visualization is fully automated. Another type of visualization is for expert electrical engineers which allows the engineers to play with data and algorithms in an open platform.

4. What are the different power quality issues that electricians/building managers should be aware of and be concerned about?

IEEE - defines the power quality issues that have to be monitored in any Industrial or commercial operation. This includes approximately 37 different kinds of issues but overwhelmingly only a handful of them occur frequently in any manufacturing or building set-up.  Most common occurring issues in power quality are:

• Current harmonics: Source of harmonics in current lines can be a number of device installation in the distribution line.  Current Harmonics are generated when

1. a non-linear load like a DC load ( battery charger, LED) are connected to the line
2. Current imbalance also generate harmonics
3. AC drives, UPS throws up a lot of harmonics back to the line. Harmonics are unwanted current frequencies and the heat up the motor coils. Thus, if compressors, HVAC, fans are failing frequently, it is a sure sign that harmonics in the line have exceeded alarmingly. The safety limit of total current harmonic distortion (THD) is around 5-7%.

• Poor grounding/earthing: The transmission line is also a good antenna. In order for electronics ( like router, laptop charger, printer) to work well in a factory, office or home, unwanted radio frequencies ( in the era of WiFi, 4G/5G, there are tons of them ) that are absorbed in all the lines and polluting the electronics signal as noise must be pushed back to ground or earth. Lightening also throws out some of the strong RF bursts into the lines. All of this must be safely passed to earth via earthing wire.  But earthing of most buildings is very poor and hardly anyone keeps track of cleaning and maintaining them. Especially if earthing is in a river valley which is dominated by alluvial clay and receives rain, the earthing chemical inside the ground will be washed out very quickly within months.
• Surge:  Voltage or current surge is also common in any factory/building. Surge can destroy the controllers and electronics of machines.  The source of the current surge is inrush current.  When adjacent heavy machinery is switched on or off, all of a sudden a big load is increased or decreased momentarily. This adds to milli-second duration surge in voltage or current that can be seen by machines on the same line. This can also happen if an adjacent factory is switching on/off a big load. 
• Voltage and Current imbalance: Voltage and current imbalance in a three-phase AC line can be very dangerous to machines as well as for fire safety. Unbalanced current will be passing through a neutral wire and as a result of high neutral current, the wire can burn and can be a source of the fire. In India, studies conducted by MachineSense shows most of the fire is caused by this.  This kind of imbalance happens because of uneven tapping of single-phase from 3 phase currents.

5. What are the safety concerns for poor power quality?

Poor power quality may lead to a fire in many ways and is responsible for 85% of the fire in the buildings.

• In India and many Asian countries that have a neutral wire, the most common source of electrical fire is the flow of very high neutral current. High neutral current is a result of current imbalance and harmonics. A neutral wire is vulnerable to fire because by standard this wire is thinner ( supposed to carry lower currents) and does not have circuit breakers
• Motor coil burns due to high harmonics
• If there is poor grounding/earthing, any kind of lightning surge can lead to a fire.

6. What kind of equipment will get damaged due to poor power quality?

All kinds of equipment barring old-style Tungsten lamps are prone to damage due to power quality.

1. Any machine that uses a Motor ( 65% machines use a motor at least) like Pump, Compressors, Fans ' will face premature death due to burning of the coil from harmonics
2. Any heavy machine depending on large or small magnet like MRI, CT Scan also gets damaged from Harmonics and imbalance
3. Robotics depend a lot on actuators and solenoids - they also get burned quickly
4. Servers get a reduced life-span because their fans don't work properly
5. Air Conditioning equipment like chiller, HVAC are highly power quality sensitive.

7. What standards to follow to mitigate current harmonics and other power quality issues?

There are several power quality standards but IEEE is the most commonly followed standard worldwide. IEEE - is the latest which has superseded -. For more details, please check 

If you are looking for more details, kindly visit Three-Phase Power Quality Analyzer Factories.

https://standards.ieee.org/standard/-.html

8. Why Power Quality Problems are increasing over the last couple of years?

The following developments in the power sector played a tremendous role on power quality:

1. Energy Improvement/Efficiency Measures generating more Harmonics in the lines than before ( https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/).  Energy-saving measures like a replacement to LED, AC drives are a major source of harmonics pollution in the line.
2. Growth of microgrids & renewable energy sources (like solar) adding bad quality power in the grids (https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/). Solar plants and its inverters are one of the largest sources of harmonic pollution.
3. Rise of battery for mobile chargers, electrical vehicle chargers and inverters led to further rise in the non-linear loads which add a lot of harmonics (https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=)

Total loss of United States GDP due to 1,2,3 are more than $45.7B a year (https://energycollection.us/Energy-Reliability/Cost-Power-Disturbances.pdf). However, the problem of power quality is very often ignored since it is not monitored. Most of the time end-users get aware of it only when they see frequent breakdowns of the machines or fire coming out of the wires. Waiting for such a long time to know the building has poor power quality is dangerous for the safety of the inhabitants of the buildings as well as utility machines.

The solution to Power Quality problems that have resulted from 1,2,3 are well recorded and recommended in ISA ( International Society of Automation: https://www.isa.org/about-isa/ ). However, to provide ISA compliant clean power to every building and plant, that are already suffering from poor power quality (1-3), one needs a system that:

1. Collects the power quality data (such as voltage & current imbalance) from every important point of the distribution ( which is powering very important and costly machines like HVAC or Compressors, after the incoming transformer, etc. )
2. Analyzes the data statistically ( since power quality data will change with the days - weekdays vs weekend, day vs night, office time vs vacation time)  and a power quality expert, who is well versed with solution engineering and can design appropriate UPS, harmonic filter, etc. required to meet ISA standard for power quality.

The commercial challenge for 1 includes cost-effective hardware and cloud platform ( IoT or Cyber-Physical System ) that is affordable by building and plant management.  That problem has been solved by MachineSense LLC by using state of the art System on Chips ( SoC), single-board computer like Raspberry Pi and Open Sourced software.

However, the commercial challenge for 2 is far more difficult and critical. As shown in the paper (https://cdn.selinc.com/assets/Literature/Publications/Technical%20Papers/_TodaysEngineeringShortage_JP__Web.pdf?v=-), the US now produces only 500 engineers ( reduced from )  annually who are capable of such power diagnosis. There are hardly 50,000 power engineers active in the US. It is impossible for 50,000 engineers to address the power quality issues of 13M US buildings ( office, hospitals, plants, etc. )  even if all data to solve the problems are available. 

9. How MachineSense Power Quality Analyzers are addressing the rising issues of poor power quality?

Power Quality Analyzers had a wide range of applications - most notable among them are:

1. Check the compliance with IEEE power standards to make sure power fed to the factories/buildings/machines are clean
2. Additional algorithms available to monitor predictive health of the Motors, Heaters, Drives 24x7 continuously in the cloud and in the edge system. 
3. Compare energy usages between different machines within a factory 
4.  Calculate the utilization and productivity of the machines  
5. Measure  energy usage per unit of productivity 
6. Estimate the actual cost of electricity by an accurate cost model of energy usage that depends on the time of the day, time of the year, etc. 
7. Capture surge or small duration electrical event in detail using the event capture mechanism.

The 4 Series MSO is available with up to 6 analog channels, making it well-suited for 3-phase power measurements. This three-phase analysis option (4-3PHASE) enables the 4 Series MSO to set up and perform the calculations needed to make key 3-phase power system measurements such as total power, harmonic distortion and phase parameters. The analysis package is ideal for design validation with flexible measurement trending and automatic reporting. Power converters often use Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) which complicates measurements since it is difficult to lock onto cycles. The analysis option includes filtering that provides stable measurements on PWM waveforms, while still providing the signal detail of a fast-sampling oscilloscope. Support for DC to three-phase AC converters make this package ideal for use in analyzing electric vehicle systems. Measurements are controlled using the 4 Series MSO's intuitive touch interface. 12-bit ADC's (up to 16- bit resolution in High Res mode) deliver accurate measurements and the three-phase power analysis software helps make measurements easier and repeatable.

Key features and specifications

• Quickly add and configure measurements through the intuitive drag and drop interface on the 4 Series MSO
• Accurately analyze three-phase PWM signals. A filtered PWM waveform is automatically calculated and may be displayed for reference
• Three-phase autoset automatically configures the oscilloscope for optimal horizontal, vertical, trigger, and acquisition parameters for acquiring three-phase signals
• Quickly perform common three-phase power measurements such as true, apparent and reactive power, and power factor
• Phasor diagrams indicate voltage and current phase relationships at a glance, as well as rms values and magnitudes at the fundamental frequency
• Measure three-phase harmonics to IEC -3-2, IEEE-519, or custom limits
• Get mean, min, max, and standard deviations of key power measurement per acquisition or over many acquisitions
• Plot measurements over time trend within one acquisition or over multiple acquisitions
• Easily switch between line-to-line and line-to-neutral readings
• Automatically generate reports in MHT or PDF formats

Measurement overview

The three-phase analysis on the 4 Series MSO automates key electrical measurements which are grouped into the Electrical Analysis group. The measurements can be configured to measure the Input or Output wiring configuration.

Three-phase analysis package on the 4 Series MSO

The measurements can be set to measure 1V1I (1-Phase-2-Wire), 2V2I (1-Phase-3-Wire), 2V2I (3-Phase-3-Wire), 1V1I (1-Phase-2-Wire DC), 3V3I (3-Phase-3-Wire), and 3V3I (3-Phase-4-Wire) to support various wiring configurations. Measurements can be performed line-to-line or line-to-neutral, to support delta or wye (star) configurations.

Harmonics

Power waveforms are rarely textbook sinusoids. Harmonics measurements break down non-sinusoidal voltage or current waveforms into their sinusoidal components, indicating the frequency and amplitude for each component.

Harmonics analysis can be performed up to the 200th harmonic order. The maximum harmonic order can be set to suit your needs by specifying the range in the measurement configuration. The THD-F, THD-R, and fundamental values are measured for each phase. Measurements can be evaluated against the IEEE-519, IEC 3-2 standard, or custom limits. Test results are recorded in a detailed report, indicating pass/fail status.

The harmonics plot indicates passing harmonics test results. Each set of bars contains results for phase A, B, and C for easy correlation. The set of green bars indicate a pass and the red bars indicate failure

The harmonics plot shows the test results for all three phases grouped so one can easily compare results among phases. For quick insight, harmonics bars are highlighted in green during a pass condition, and turn red when limits are exceeded.

Power quality

This measurement provides critical three-phase power measurements including

• Frequency and RMS magnitudes of voltage and current
• Crest factors of voltage and current
• PWM frequency
• Phase angle for each phase

It also displays the sum of true power, the sum of reactive power, and the sum of apparent power components.

The power quality measurement provides an in-depth insight into the three-phase signals with a oscilloscope-based phasor diagram

In addition, in the Line-Neutral configuration, this measurement displays True power, Reactive power, and Apparent power components of all three-phases. Voltage and current vectors are displayed on a phasor diagram so you can quickly judge the phase shift for each phase and the balance among phases. Each vector is represented by an RMS value and the phase is computed using the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) method.

Configure Power quality measurement as Input or Output. Optionally convert Line-Line to Line-Neutral configuration mathematically without physical connection changes.Power quality test results in Line-Line mode (left) and in the Line-Neutral mode (right)

Efficiency

Efficiency measures the ratio of the output power to input power (DC-in AC-out, 2V2I configuration, and 1V1I industrial configuration). The efficiency measurement leverages all 6-channels of the 4 Series MSO and computes the overall system efficiency (1 voltage and 1 current source on the input side, and 2 voltage and 2 current sources on the output side).

Ripple analysis

Ripple is residual or unwanted AC voltage on a DC power supply. In a three-phase converter system, it is typically measured on the DC bus. This measurement helps to understand how efficiently the signal is getting converted from AC-DC on the input side, and the impact of unwanted components on the PWM signal on the output side.

Dynamic measurements using Trend analysis

A common requirement in three-phase analysis is the need to look at the system response over longer test times to monitor the DUT behavior over varying load conditions. Trends provide insight into interdependency between different parameters like voltage, current, power, frequency, and their variance based on the load conditions.

The Time trend and Acq trend plots on the Power quality measurement enables monitoring parameters over longer records.

Three-phase solution offers two unique trend plots on the power quality measurement to support such requirements ' TimeTrend and Acq Trend plots. Each plot has its advantages and can be used to plot any of the power quality measurements. The Time Trend plot shows the measured value per cycle, or for an acquired waveform (a record), while the Acq Trend plot shows a mean of the measured value per record, over multiple acquisitions. The acquisition count is set by the user during the test configuration. This allows users to capture long records of data to perform deep record analysis and understand the dynamic behavior of the system response. The plots can be saved as a CSV file for offline analysis.

The Acq Trend plot enables user to monitor system behaviour over long records. Choose from a range of parameters of the Power quality measurement to plot the trend data. The Acq Trend of Irms plotted over 93 acquisitions is shown in green.

Report generation

The three-phase software simplifies data collection, archiving, documentation of your design, and development process. It supports the report generation in MHT or PDF formats with pass/fail results for easy analysis.A sample three-phase test report with setup details, test summary, test results, and images

Contact us to discuss your requirements of Three-Phase Power Quality Analyzer Agencies. Our experienced sales team can help you identify the options that best suit your needs.